Hybrid-Flexible Course Design

Reviewed by Marion Hernandez, Adjunct Instructor English Department/DCE, Bunker Hill Community College on 3/30/23

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

This book considers all aspects of the possible variations of Hybrid (online and on site) Fully Online, Hybrid/synchronous for writing detailed course design. The article discusses the priorities that should drive administrators after they have selected what type of course they are building. All priorities and thinking should be to create and describe the online courses as as a valuable entity onto itself, not just an inferior brand, not quite equal to in-class learning. Online courses should not just be an extension of in-class design, but should reflect the specific dynamics inherent to online courses. Classes that range from hybrid, hybrid/synchronous/ or online all should be described on their own merits, and not just a "migrated" courses trying to be equal, but not equal to their in-class counterparts. Creating appealing catalogue descriptions should be part of a marketing (my word) feature describing the unique design of each mode of learning.*
*please note that this article, within a longer book, can be found more easily by simply typing in Google: Hybrid and Fully Online OWI by Jason Snart. It is part of OER: Hybrid Learning by Beatty

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The details are explicit in terms of defining each mode of course design. The main idea os that each type of course should have its own specialized design that includes both the goals of the course and pedagogy. The author explains the various course designs and the methods that can be used to enhance student learning.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

The relevance is evident as more college students select some variations of online learning to facilitate their busy schedules. In terms of relevance though, it should be noted that the most recent research is from 2013. So much has changed. For instance the tutor talks about access and that some students can now use their phones for assignments and conferences. This is commonplace in our current technological age since smartphone use is the preferred means of all communication among current college students.

Clarity rating: 5

The author is an excellent writer and he knows his audience, anticipates and includes the questions his readers are probably going to ask. He uses charts to define the various course designs he covers in his work.

Consistency rating: 5

The article is divided into subtopics sequenced in logical order and titled using excellent headers for each chapter. I particularly like the subtopic "Nuances," describing the subtle ways that written course descriptions can guide students in selecting courses designed to meet their needs.

Modularity rating: 5

As noted, the subtopics unfold in a logical sequence and the information accurately reflects the titles of the material in each section. The material is sequenced so that the initial ideas lay the foundation for more intricate details written in the later sections.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The author spends time and space defining the various types of online instruction that are the main ideas of the article. These definitions correspond to course design (online, hybrid, hybrid/synchronous that best accommodates the pedagogy and goals of a course. It is emphasized that goals of the course dictate the design and that the design is a means to an end, not an end in itself. For instance the technology needed to create hybrid/synchronous or online course is not an end in itself but is a support system that shucked not overshadow the goals of the course. Some of these goals are subject driven, but the most important goal around which all other goals should be sublimated is COMMUNITY.

Interface rating: 5

The charts are placed discreetly at the bottom of pages and do not dominate visual or textual features. Ninety percent of the text is just that: text material. Headers are the only other feature so no distractions are present.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

This writer is an English teacher so grammar is not an issue. He uses the word "differently" too many times, which just happens to be a professional pet-peeve of mine.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

Cultural sensitivity is an implied theme since many of the students who benefit from these courses have families and work. These limitations have historically and financially restricted this segment of the population from continuing their education.

Comments

The audience for this article is topic-specific. The readers will be those instructors teaching these online courses and administrators writing the language that is specific to the actual configuration of the course. The author states that many course descriptions fail to accurately detail the way the course will be taught. This failure stems from administrators who do not accurately market their courses to create a favorable/advantageous impression of the advantages and values of these specialized type of learning. The writer envisions new and fresh course descriptions showcase online courses as all new designs and not just second cousins to the "real thing."

Reviewed by Angela Wood, Senior Lecturer, University of Wisconsin - Superior on 9/7/21

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

The Hybrid-Flexible Course Design: Implementing Student-Directed Hybrid Classes by Brian J. Beatty is a well designed textbook that targets a growing need in higher education. The textbook content is presented in a way that the reader can get a good view of the HyFlex approach and gain insightfulness, both positive and negative, to then implement in their own setting. The Table of Contents is on the first page and is explicit enough to read through and navigate to the information that is applicable to the reader. The appendices are labeled and easily accessible and allows the readers to access other experts in the HyFlex field. Included in the appendix is a listing of terms that the reader can click on and is then directed back to the various parts of the text where that word is used. This is a great resource for the reader who is attempting HyFlex implementation.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The content is presented in a way that an unknowing reader can submerse themselves with information and feel as though the author gives a balanced view of both positive and negative. The author also notes that HyFlex is not a 'one size fits all' program. The text delivers with a broad range of examples from around the world and the vastly different ways to make the course design work in Higher Education.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

Hybrid-Flexible Course Design has been emerging over the last decade and met with resistance. At the time of publication the concept was starting to catch on. Then Covid happened....HyFlex is a must now and it would be hard to believe there isn't huge positive developments in this field and this text provides the launch pad and it now needs a sequel.

Clarity rating: 4

The content of text is extremely accessible to a person in the education field. The author gives many examples of the why and how throughout, which allows for deeper understanding and better translation of new information. For those new to education, then the appendices will be helpful and are very user-friendly.

Consistency rating: 5

The text is consistent in each chapter and throughout the text. Each chapter continues to build depth of content and is easy to follow without feeling overwhelmed or lost.

Modularity rating: 4

Unit One of the text gives a unbiased, clear and concise overview of HyFlex and what is to be learned.

Unit Two is about implementation and adopting HyFlex Instruction. This as imagined is a lot of necessary information. Some may think is is long and overwhelming, especially if they are not sold on the idea of HyFlex to start with. The embedded videos are a great addition and appropriately placed for further understanding and another point of view.

Unit Three gives many powerful examples with ideas for implementation is various settings. This is a bit lengthy, but provides enough information that everyone should something that they could make work in their setting.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

Great organization! Larger topics are Units and then separated into sub units. This type of organization makes it easy to go back and find a piece of the information quickly without re-reading the entire page or chapter.

Interface rating: 5

There is a lot of text throughout the book, but it is broken up with charts, videos, and tables. Some even in color! The videos are embedded, therefore it eliminates ads and technical issues that arise when opening up another window.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

There were not any grammatical errors and the author gave wonderful examples when using educational jargon.

Cultural Relevance rating: 3

The text is not insensitive to cultures in any way, yet it lacks a lot of depth from other places. The United States is well represented, Canada and Belgium are the other two. It would have been nice to see greater depth from other cultural backgrounds. Perhaps, in Unit 3.11 others will take the opportunity to contribute in that way.

Reviewed by Tiffany Drape, Research Assistant Professor, Virginia Tech on 4/5/21

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

The text gives a broad background and cites many examples and variations of online learning models, historical perspective, and how the team got to the development of this text in a comprehensive manner. The latter half of the text seeks perspectives from online and hy-flex education all over the world to provide an encompassing view of online and hybrid education systems in multiple kinds of educational settings.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

Work is accurate and error-free. There were major adaptations to online education in 2020 due to the pandemic and it would be a benefit for the team to provide articles about models like this and how they were adapted once the pandemic hit and everyone was driven home to teach in any capacity.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

The theoretical perspective of Diffusion of Innovations, is a tried and tested theory that bodes well for this text. The continual call for contributions will enable this text to remain timely and relevant. It's arranged in a logical way and would be ideal to add a chapter/section on the pandemic once more information is available. A 'retrospective' section would be a great addition.

Clarity rating: 5

Text uses appropriate language and defines any acronyms and working definitions that the text is based on. The text starts at a high level and then drills down to help the reader understand and follow the thought process and implementation of the writing team and what they did, what worked, what had to be adapted, and considerations that they had forgot but don't want the reader to forget when implementing and refining online educational programming in a hybrid type model.

Consistency rating: 4

Text is internally consistent in terms of style, terminology, and lay out of each section and sub-section within it. Contributing chapters in the back half of the text are formatted and presented in a consistent manner without losing the voice of the authors.

Modularity rating: 5

Text is split in a past, present, future type layout that provides natural sections and the ability to move from one section to the other with ease. This text can be assigned as a complete work or as a section depending on the needs of the instructor.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The structure and flow of the text is smooth and the transitions are clear. The text is chunked to enable the work to stand alone or use as a supplement for teaching or learning in formal or informal education settings. A student or person wanting to learn more about hybrid course design could pick this up and understand it with ease.

Interface rating: 5

No significant issues when viewed on a Mac with the PDF version. Flow and transitions from text to video or other media loads automatically. References have doi or other identifying information if it was available at the time of publishing.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

No or very few grammatical errors, syntax, or formatting inconsistencies.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

Text is not insensitive and addresses requirements or parameters that international students must adhere to in order to keep their visa's active. The text would benefit from another section discussing how this model moves to a more global audience outside of one contributions from an external author. The last section addresses the global issue but is limited on addressing issues of access, equity, and the current education systems reliance on wealth and privilege. The contributions from authors in the section are welcome and offer unique perspective.

Comments

This is a well crafted and organized text that is current and can aide in the adaption or adoption of a hybrid flex model of online education in higher education. It's based in theoretical knowledge and provides a base framework for online education and moves to a more advanced model with examples from peers in the field as contributing authors.

Reviewed by April Salerno, Assistant Professor, University of Virginia on 11/29/20

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

I approached this book as a learner, seeking to learn more about hybrid-flexible course design, and I was able to get what I needed from the book. I especially appreciated that the book has a section that is ongoing in including examples from others about their experiences implementing hybrid-flexible design.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

Again, I'm a learner in this topic, but I appreciated that the book is open to new contributions and is thus an ongoing project to include additional voices. I also appreciated the recognition that hybrid-flexible design requires time from faculty, and the book considers various supports that can make this type of work possible.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

I believe that course design is a topic that is currently under discussion in many settings, as we look for new and differentiated ways to serve learners.

Clarity rating: 4

The book was written in a clear way that I could understand.

Consistency rating: 5

The book consistently considers the topic of course-design from various perspectives.

Modularity rating: 5

Because I was seeking to learn from this book, I went first to the topics that most concerned me: how to design and teach a hybrid-flexible course and how to avoid pitfalls along the way. It was easy for me to read the book in this way without going through the text in the given chapter order.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

The organization seems appropriate and considers various aspects of hybrid-flexible course design.

Interface rating: 5

I was able to navigate the book without problems.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

The book's grammar seemed appropriate.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

I did not read the book cover-to-cover, but I did not see any problems with cultural insensitivity.

Reviewed by Rebecca Dilling, Visiting Assistant Professor, Sweet Briar College on 7/15/20

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

This book was extremely comprehensive as it included case studies and worksheets that helped support the research throughout Beatty's book! Remarkable!

Content Accuracy rating: 5

I found Beatty's book to be quite accurate with mountains of research-based information to support its content.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

Hybrid-Flexible Course Design is completely relevant to where higher education finds itself currently and where it could be as it peers into the future forecast of higher education.

Clarity rating: 5

It is written with utmost clarity and precision.

Consistency rating: 5

Beatty's book is backed up with research throughout the entire work and so the consistency of terminology and framework is definitely present.

Modularity rating: 5

I could easily maneuver through Beatty's book as it has headings throughout and a solid introduction that gives clarity to the way the book is written and how it is organized.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

This book is extremely clear and maintains a logical flow throughout. I loved it!

Interface rating: 5

Well done in this area also!

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

No real grammatical errors were noted throughout, other than a few grammatical uses that gave the writing Beatty's voice.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

Beatty was culturally neutral. None of this book would be seen as offensive to anyone reading it, in my opinion.

Comments

Given the current unprecedented condition of our education system in the United States, the book, Hybrid-Flexible Course Design, is uncannily timely. This realistic and relative book seeks to assist higher education administrators and faculty by nose diving into a real problem and providing at least one real solution. Like many higher education programs, San Francisco State realized in the early 2000s, that enrollment concerns had to be addressed, and that programs needed to change in order to attract more new students and to provide more participation options for current students. Thus began the consideration and debate circulating around the option to “move the program online” (Beatty, B. 2020, pg. 10). The struggle, as with all institutions, was how to do this effectively; allowing the well-being of the students to remain the priority. Brian Beatty’s well-researched, literary presentation is quite pertinent and worthy of much attention from those similarly impacted by the 21st century educational shift and from those whose eyes are focused on the future forecast of higher education.
To begin to understand the topic of this literary piece, there has to be a clear understanding of what a Hybrid-Flexible course is. Beatty deems the official definition of a Hybrid Flexible Course (HyFlex) as one in which students “can choose to attend class either in an assigned face-to-face environment or in an online environment, synchronously or asynchronously” (Beatty, B. 2020, pg. 12-13). Beatty then describes the process of how the institution began to develop a HyFlex program; delving first into the pool of what was already being done (and written about) in higher education. He provides an extensive pool of research and findings within his book.
San Francisco State wanted to know what existed already that was successfully meeting the changing needs of students. Naturally brought to light was the ever limited set of resources that academic institutions would most likely face in program implementation such as time, faculty, and space. In Hybrid-Flexible Course Design, the focus was how San Francisco state, while thoroughly and realistically spotlighting the challenges to consider, also began meeting those challenges with a feasible solution such as a Hyflex program design. Beatty discusses other challenging and familiar factors such as: 1) the level of institutional support to build and grow a fully online program, 2) the level of proven faculty expertise in teaching fully online courses or serving fully online students, and 3) the level of student interest in a fully online program (Beatty, 2020)
Through research, Beatty discovered that two factors contributed to the superiority of blended (hybrid) instruction over online and face to face instruction: additional learning time and additional instructional elements (Beatty, 2020). One of the traditional approaches to hybrid course design is that the student does not have the freedom to choose how to participate in course assignments or activities. This also pertains to how students attend class, whether online or in-class. Instructors can develop multi-avenues for which students can complete activities, however, students with schedule conflicts, travel difficulties, or other legitimate reasons that prevent their in-class attendance, will still miss out on those learning opportunities. This in turn reduces the effectiveness (amount of learning) within the course.
Beatty suggests that in a HyFlex class, the instructor is challenged to design effective learning experiences for students in both online and in-class modes. This may require additional resources for online students. Also, the additional time made available for the asynchronous online mode is thought to directly improve learning for students who take advantage of either or both (Beatty, 2020).
A great question that Beatty brings up in his book (and one of realistic importance) is Why put all this effort into supporting students who direct their own hybrid learning experience? His response makes so much sense to me as a college professor. Beatty argues that students may be better able than instructors to make the “best mode of participation” decisions for themselves. Equally intriguing is the idea that the HyFlex course model rids college instructors of the common student excuses for non-participation associated with schedule conflicts, travel difficulties, and such. The HyFlex model allows no room for excuses or for "skipping class" (Beatty, 2020).
Almost as if answering an invisible question that would naturally come to the minds of educators and administrators today, Beatty uses a list of benefits to argue his case for the use of the HyFlex course model. Some of these benefits include: an overall increase in course enrollment due to offering additional schedule and location flexibility to students; an increase per unit course load and reduced time to graduation; and an increase of individual class section enrollment beyond the seat capacity of a physical classroom. A few other benefits include: the ability of HyFlex to reduce space requirements for expanding enrollment and to increase the availability of courses, as well as providing support for innovative approaches to instruction that should contribute to greater student success (Beatty, 2020). All of this, according to Beatty’s book, can lead to increased student learning, provide opportunities for faculty research and publication, and create institutional marketing opportunities to external stakeholders.
As with all innovation, the HyFlex model does impose some cost. In Beatty’s book, he intentionally makes these costs clear…
“The cost for students: {would imply} personal management related to learning path: decision-making (which way to participate?) and when online is chosen, requires substantial time management skills. Personaland technical resources are required to participate in the online version of the course: (most commonly) hardware, network, ability to engage in online learning platforms, and the ability to learn through mediated experiences The greatest cost, or challenge, to students is almost always
s the additional effort required to self-manage online participation requirements when in-class participation is not possible or desired. Many students still are not used to managing time effectively, especially when they
may have low internal motivation to learn required content in required
courses that aren’t personally interesting to them. Distractions and non-educational options to spend time continue to proliferate in students’ lives, further competing for their cognitive engagement; personal time management
is a critical success factor for HyFlex students who choose online participation.”
“The Costs to Faculty: {would show up in the} designing and development of a course that supports multiple and simultaneous modes of student participation, essentially creating both fully face to face and online formats. In addition, managing the technical complexity of multi-modal instruction, especially when synchronous participation is supported would be added. Administrating the participation of students in varied formats: tracking attendance and participation, practice and assessment activities, and providing interaction and feedback would also be at cost. Time, time, time… the clear cost to faculty.”
“Costs to Administrators/institution: Support for additional faculty development and workload; formally or informally would entail certain cost. This may require additional financial resources. Increased cost would be the provision for technology-equipped classrooms to support online students as well: lecture/discussion capture, synchronous learning platform. Also, cost would be associated with enabling students to realize the scheduling flexibility value associated with HyFlex; modifications to class scheduling system, student registration system, managing clear communications. Perhaps the most important cost to the administration of an institution embarking on a HyFlex journey is the leadership’s willingness to address the range of costs associated with the effort” (Beatty, 2020, pp. 26-27).
One of the things that I particularly found valuable is that after listing out the benefits and cost of developing a HyFlex program, Beatty suggests that all institutions complete a Cost-Benefit Analysis before any effort to implement HyFlex is begun, whether for a single course or for an entire program or curriculum. This is wise advice and good counsel. Overall, I found Beatty’s book, Hybrid-Flexible Course Design, remarkably interesting in addressing pertinent issues in higher education today and in the specific college in which I teach. It had great personal value to me as an educator, just trying to figure things out, moving forward. I loved his sort of “closing remarks” to me: “The claim of universal applicability is not something I would ever make for the HyFlex design, nor do I agree with the presumption that one pedagogical approach is (or even can possibly be) suitable for all learners” (Beatty, 2020, p. 6) With clarity and an encouraging tone, however, it is determined in the research of this book, that “when students are given the freedom and ability to choose which mode to participate in from session to session, they are able to create their own unique hybrid experience” (Beatty, B. 2020, pg. 6) It can be concluded, then, that the HyFlex approach can, in fact, deliver a “student-directed hybrid” learning experience, which seems to fit many of the newly developing needs of higher education students, faculty, and institutions today. I enjoyed this easy to read but in-depth and intricate book by Brain Beatty and believe that all institutions of higher education would benefit from its content-specific information and research-based strategies and case-studies that could lead to higher levels of student and institutional success.