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Western Civilization_ A Concise History - Volume 2
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Western Civilization_ A Concise History - Volume 2
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Western Civilization: A Concise History - Volume 2
Original Author: Christopher Brooks, Ph.D.
Version 3.0
Last Updated: May, 2024
Open Educational Resource released under the Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International)
Licensed by Portland Community College
Table of Contents
The Idea of Western Civilization
Introduction
Where is the West?
Mesopotamia and Civilization
Greece and Rome
The Middle Ages and Christianity
The Renaissance and European Expansion
The Modern Era
Western Civilization Is Reinvented
The West: The Problems of the Concept
This Textbook
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: The High Middle Ages
The Crusades
The First Four Crusades
Consequences of the Crusades
The Northern Crusades and the Teutonic Knights
The Middle East After the Caliphates
The Turkic Migrations and Ottoman Origins
The Emergence of the High Middle Ages in Europe
The Medieval Agricultural Revolution
Cities and Economic Change
Medieval Politics
Women and Gender
Monasticism
Corruption
Medieval Learning
Scholasticism
Conclusion
Chapter 2: The Crises of the Middle Ages
The Mongols
Eastern Europe and The End of the Conquest Period
The Khanates
The Black Death
Effects of the Plague's Aftermath
The 100 Years’ War
The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Western Schism
Conclusion
Chapter 3: The Renaissance
Background
Economics
Political Setting
The Great City-States of the Renaissance
Venice
Florence and Rome
Patronage
Humanism
Important Thinkers
Dante (1265 - 1321)
Petrarch (1304 – 1374)
Christine de Pizan (1364 - 1430)
Desiderius Erasmus (1466 - 1536)
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)
Baldassarre Castiglione (1478 - 1529)
Art and Artists
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 - 1446)
Sandro Botticelli (1445 - 1510)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)
Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475 - 1564)
Conclusion
Chapter 4: Politics in the Renaissance Era
The End of the Italian Renaissance
Politics: The Emergence of Strong States
War and the Gunpowder Revolution
The Resulting Financial Revolution
The New Kingdoms: Spain, England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire
Spain
England
France
The Holy Roman Empire
The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia
Safavid Persia
Middle Eastern Economics
Conclusion
Chapter 5: European Exploration and Conquest
World-Historical Comparison: China and Europe
Africa and India
Spain, Columbus, the Great Dying, and the Columbian Exchange
The Conquistadors and the Creation of the Spanish Empire
New World Wealth and Latin American Society
Conclusion
Chapter 6: Reformations
The Context of the Reformation
Indulgences
Lutheranism
Calvinism
The English Reformation
The Effects of the Reformation
The Catholic (Roman/Latin) Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church
The Protestant Churches
The Catholic Reformation
The Initial Reaction
The Inquisition and the Council of Trent
The Jesuits
Conclusion
Chapter 7: Religious Wars
The French Wars of Religion
Spain and the Netherlands
England
The Thirty Years’ War
Conclusion
Chapter 8: Absolutism
France
Louis XIV - the Sun King
Elsewhere in Europe
Prussia
Austria
The English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution
The Stuarts and the English Civil War
The Glorious Revolution
Great Britain After the Glorious Revolution
The Overall Effects of Absolutism
Conclusion
Chapter 9: Trade Empires
Early Capitalism
Overseas Expansion
The Netherlands
Britain and the Transatlantic Slave Trade
The Transatlantic Slave Trade
Around the Globe
The Spanish Empire
Conclusion
Chapter 10: The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Process, Mentality, and Method
Scientific Discoveries
Astronomy
Medicine
Science and Society
Women
Scientific Institutions and Culture
The Philosophical Impact of Science
Conclusion
Chapter 11: The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment: Definitions
Context and Causes
Enlightenment Philosophes
John Locke: 1637 – 1704
Voltaire: 1694 – 1778
Emilie de Châtelet: 1706 - 1749
The Encyclopedia of Diderot and D’Alembert (1751)
David Hume: 1711 – 1776
Adam Smith: 1723 - 1790
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 - 1778)
Politics and Society
The Radical Enlightenment and The Underground
Conclusion: Implications of the Enlightenment
Chapter 12: The Society of Orders
Social Orders and Divisions
The Nobility
The Common People
The Great Powers
Russia
Wars
Conclusion
Chapter 13: The French Revolution
The Causes of the Revolution
Events of the Early Revolution
“Equality,” The Haitian Revolution, and Women
The Haitian Revolution
Women
The Radical Phase and the Terror
Conclusion
Changes by
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